♥Communication And Network♥

Modulation

In electronics, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high-frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically contains information to be transmitted . On the other hand, the purpose of modulation is usually to enable the carrier signal to transport the information in the modulation signal to some destination . Besides that , in telecommunications , modulation is the process of conveying a message signal , for instance a digital bit stream or an analog audio signal  inside another signal that can be physically transmitted . Modulation of a sine waveform is used to transform a baseband message signal into a passband signal , for instance low-frequency audio signal into a radio-frequency signal (RF signal).

 

Demodulation

The use of demodulation data or "enveloping" is an excellent complement to narrow band spectral analysis in detecting faults in rolling element bearing and gearboxes . This article describles what demodulation is from a qualitative viewpoint , and how it is used in practice . It also purposely avoids using highly technical terms so that it can be understood by those without a technical background . 

 

Bandwidth

Bandwidth is the John A Hartford Foundation's one-stop , online source for communications tools and information . The site is designed to help grantees and other professionals enhance , strengthen and ass visual impact to a variety of publications , presentations and communications about aging and health .

TCP/IP

The Internet Protocol  Suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks . It is commonly also known as TCP/IP named from two of the most important protocols in it : the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) , which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard . The Internet Protocol Suite consists of four abstraction layers . From the lowest to the highest layer , these are the Link Layer , the Internet Layer , the Transport Layer , and the Application Layer . The layers define the operational scope or reach of the protocols in each layer , reflected loosely in the layer names . Each layer has functionality that solves a set of problems relevant in its scope . 

 

Node 

In communication networks , a node is a connection point , either a redistribution point or a communication endpoint as some terminal equipment . The definition of a node depends on the network and protocol layer referred to . A physical network node is an  active electronic device that is attached to a network and is capable of sending , receiving or forwarding information over a communications channel . A passive distribution point as a distribution frame or patch panel is  is consequently not a node .  

 

Client

A client is an application or system that accesses a remote service on another computer system , known as a server , by way of a network . The term was first applied to devices that were not capable of running their own stand-alone programs , but could interact with remote computers via a network . These dumb terminals were clients of the time-sharing mainframe computer .  

Server

In computer networking , a server is a program that operates as a socket listener . The term server is also often generalized to describe a host that is deployed to execute one or more such programs . A server computer is a computer or series of computer , that link computers or electronic devices together . They often provide essential services across a network , either to private users inside a large organization or to public users via the internet .

 

Networking Operating Systems 

Networking operating system typically are used to run computers that act as servers . They provide the capabilities required for network operation . Network operating systems are also designed for client computers and provide functions so the distinction between network operating systems and stand alone operating systems is not always obvious . 

Networking Administrator

A networking Administrator is a person responsible for the maintenance of computer hardware and software that comprises a computer network . This normally includes deploying , configuring , maintaining and monitoring active network equipment .

♥Secondary Storage♥

Disk Caching

A disk cache is a portion of a system memory used to cache reads and writes to the hard disk . It may be referred to as the most important type of cache on the PC , because of the greatest differential speed between the layers , that is the system RAM and the hard disk . Disk caching works under the same principle as Memory caching , but instead of using high-speed SRAM , a disk cache uses conventional main memory . The most recently accessed data from the disk , it first checks the disk cache to see if the data is there . Disk caching can dramatically improve the performance of applications because accessing a byte on a hard disk .

 

File Compression

File compression is commonly used when sending a file from one computer to another over a connection that has limited bandwidth . The compression basically makes the file smaller and , therefore the sending of the file is faster . The next step to compressing a single file is the combining of multiple files into a single compressed archive . Finally , combining multiple files into a single archive is to maintain the organization of those files once inside the archive .

File Decompression

Data decompression is the reverse , the decoding of compressed data to restore the original data .
Compression or decompression algorithnms look for redundancies in data , then minimize them using predetermined algorithms (methods) . There are different algorithms used to achieve different compression rates . Solid files are called 'archives' . They can hold more than one file . There is a tradeoff between higher density rates and compression or decompression time . Archive files can be manipulated utilities such as WinZip or IZArc .

Internet Hard Drive

The sole purpose of an Internet hard drive is to offer a means of accessing your computer files , for instance , pictures , document , music , video and many more from any computer , as long as that computer has access to the Internet . Similar to depositing money into your bank account and later withdrawing that same money from any ATM machines , an Internet hard drive will allow you to 'deposit' your computer files into a remote hard drive and then later access those very same files from any other computer .

Solid State Storage

Solid-state storage is a nonvolatile, removable storage medium that employs integrated circuits (ICs) rather than magnetic or optical media. It is the equivalent of large-capacity, nonvolatile memory .The main advantage of solid -state storage is the fact that it contains no mechanical parts . Everything is done electronically .The absence of moving parts may translate into longer operating life, provided the devices are reasonably cared for and are not exposed to electrostatic discharge.

♥Input And Output♥

Ergonomic Keyboard

An ergonomic keyboard is a computer keyboard designed with ergonomic considerations to minimize muscle strain and a host of related problems . Typically such keyboard are constructed in a V shape , to allow right to left hands to type at a slight angle more natural to the human form .

Inkjet Printer

An inkjet printer is a type of computer printer that creates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper . Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer and range from small inexpensive consumer models to very large professional machines , that can cost up to thousands of dollars .

Laser Printer

Laser Printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper . As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers (MFPs) , laser printers employ a xerographic printing   process , but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer's photoreceptor . 

Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) is a character recognition technology used primarily by the banking industry to facilitate the processing of cheques . The technology allows computers to read information such as account numbers off printed documents . MICR characters are printed in special typefaces with a magnetic ink or toner , usually containing iron oxide . The use of magnetic printing allows the characters to be read reliably even if they have been overprinted or obscured by other marks such as cancellation stamps and signature .

Optical character recognition

Optical Character Recognition usually abbreviated to OCR is the mechanical or electronic translation of scanned images of handwritten , typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text . It is widely used to convert books and documents into electronic files , to computerize a record-keeping system in an office , or to publish the text on a website . On the other hand , OCR makes it possible to edit the text , search for a word or phrase , store it more compactly , display or print a copy free of scanning artifacts and apply techniques such as machine translation , text-to-speech and text mining to it .

Optical-Mark Recognition

Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) is the technology of electronically extracting intended data from marked fields , such as checkboxes and fill-in fields , on printed forms . It is generally distinguished from OCR by the fact that a recognition engine is not required . This requires the image to have high contrast and an easily-recognizable or irrelevant shape . OMR technology scans a printed form and reads predefined positions and records where marks are made on the form . This technology is useful for applications in which large numbers of hand-filled forms need to be processed quickly and with great accuracy , such as surveys , reply cards  questionnaires and ballots .

♥System Unit♥

RAM

Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage . Today , it takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order with a worst case performance of constant time . Strictly speaking , modern types of DRAM are therefore not random access , as data is read in bursts , although the name DRAM or RAM has stuck . However , many types of SRAM , ROM , OTP , and NOR flash are still random access even in a strict sense . RAM is often associated with volatile types of memory such as DRAM memory modules , where its stored information is lost if the power is removed . On the other hand , Many other types of non-volatile memory are RAM as well , including most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash . However , other memory devices , for example , magnetic tapes , dicks can access the storage data in a predetermined order , because mechanical designs only allow this .

Cache Memory

The cache is a small amount of high-speed memory , usually with a memory cycle time comparable to the time required by the CPU to fetch one instruction . The cache is usually filled from main memory when instructions or data are fetched into the CPU . Often the main memory will supply a wider data word to the cache than the CPU requires , to fill the cache more rapidly . The amount of information which is replaces at one time in the cache is called the line size for the cache . This is normally the width of the data bus between the cache memory and the main memory . A wide line size for the cache means that several instruction or data words are loaded into the cache at one time , providing a kind of prefetching for instructions or data . Since the cache is small , the effectiveness of the caches relies on the following properties of most program such as ,

Spatial locality is a most program are highly sequential ; the next instruction usually comes from the next memory location . 

After that , data is usually structured and data in these structures normally are stored in contiguous memory locations . 

Beside that , short loops are a common program structure , especially for the innermost sets of nested loops . Then , this means that the same small set of instructions is used over and over . 

ROM

Read-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices . Data stored in ROM cannot be modified or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty , so it is mainly used to distribute firmware such as software that is very closely tied to specific hardware , and unlikely to need frequent updates .

On the other hand , in its strictest sense , ROM refers only to mask ROM like the oldest type of solid state ROM , which is fabricated with the desired data permanently stored in it , and thus can never be modified . Despite the simplicity of mask ROM , economies of scale and field-programmability often make reprogrammable technologies more flexible and inexpensive , so mask ROM is rarely used in new products as of  2007 .

Flash Memory

Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed . It is primarily used in memory cards , USB flash drives , MP3 players and solid-state drives for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products . It is a specific type of EEPROM as electrically erasable programmable read-only memory , that is erased and programmed in large blocks ; in early flash the entire chip had to be erased at once . Flash memory costs far less than byte-programmable EEPROM and therefore has become the dominant technology wherever a significant amount of non-volatile , solid statestorage is needed .

 

Graphic  Card

A video card , video adapter , graphics accelerator card , display adapter , or graphics card is an expansion card whose function is to generate output images to a display . Most video cards offer added functions , such as accelerated rendering of 3D scenes and 2D graphic , video capture , TV-tuner adapter , MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding , FireWire , light pen , TV output , or the ability to connect multiple monitors . Other modern high performance video cards are used for more graphically purposes , such as PC games .

Sound Card

A sound card is also known as an audio card is an internal computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer  under control of computer programs . The term sound card is also applied to external audio interfaces that use software to generate sound , as opposed to using hardware inside the PC . Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition , editing video or audio , presentation , education and entertainment such as game and video projection . Many computers have sound capabilities built in , while others require additional expansion cards to provide for audio capability .

Network Interface Card

A network interface card , more commonly referred to as a NIC is a device that allows computers to be joined together in a LAN , or local area network. Networked computers communicate with each other using a given protocol or agreed-upon language for transmitting data packets between the different machines , known as nodes . The network interface card acts as the liaison for the machine to both send and receive data on the LAN .    Plug and Play In computing , plug and play is a term used to describe the characteristic of a computer bus , or device specification , which facilitates the discovery of a hardware component in a system , without the need for physical device configuration or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts . Plug and play refers to both the boot-time assignment of device resources and to hotplug systems such as USB and Firewire .   Serial Port In computing , a serial port is a serial communication physical interface throungh which information transfer in or out one bit at a time such as contrast parallel port . Throughout most of the history of personal computers , data transfer through serial ports connected the computer to devices such as terminals and various peripherals  . On the other hand , modern computers without serial ports may require serial-to-USB converters to allow compatibility with RS 232 serial devices . Serial ports are still used in applications such as industrial automation systems , scientific instrucment , shop till systems and some industrial and consumer products . Server computers may use a serial port as a control console for diagnostics . Network equipment such as routers and switches , often use serial console for configuration .   Parallel Port A paralle port is a type of interface found on computers as prsonal and otherwise for connecting various peripherals . In computing , a parallel port is a parallel communication physical interface . It is also known as a printer port or Centronics port . Universal Serial Bus Port Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a specification to establish communication between devices and a host controller as usually a personal computer , which has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces such as serial and parallel ports . USB can connect computer peripherals such as mice , keyboards , digital cameras , printers , personal media players , flash derives . Network Adapters and external hard drives . For many of those devices , USB has become the standard connection method . USB was designed for personal computers , but it hs become commonplace on other devices such as smartphones , PDAs , and video game consoles and as power cord .   FireWire Port Firewire ports are forms of a serial port that make use of FireWire technology to transfer data rapidly from one electronic device to another . The FireWire port has been in common use since 1995 , when Apple , Inc . First began to include the port on a number of digital camcorders . Today , the FireWire port is used on a number of other devices . Ethernet port  Ethernet is a family of frame -based computer networking technologies for local area networks (LAN) . It defines a number of wiring and signaling standards for the Physical Layer of the standard networking model as well as a common addressing format and a variety of Medium Access Control procedures at the lower part of the Data Link Layer .   High Definition Multimedia Interface HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a compact audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data . It is a digital alternative to consumer analog standards such as , radio frequency (RF) , coaxial cable , composite video , S-video , SCART , component video , D-Terminal or VGA . After that , HDMI implements the ELA/CEA-861 standards , which define video formats and waveforms , transport of compressed , uncompressed , and LPCM audio , auxiliary data and implementations of the VESA EDID . HDMI supports on a single cable , any uncompressed TV or PC video format .

♥Basic And Specialized Software Application♥

♥Graphical User Interface♥

In computing a graphical user interface (GUI) is a type of user interface that allow users to interact with electronic devices with images rather than text commands . GUIS can be used in computers , hand-held devices such as MP3 players , portable media players or gaming devices , household appliances and office equipment . A GUI represents the information and actions available to a user through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation , as opposed to text-based interfaces , typed command labels or text navigation . The actions are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements .

♥Word Processor♥

Word Processor also known as document preparation system is a computer application used for the production that are including composition , editing , formatting , and possibly printing of any sort of printable material . On the other hand , Word Processor may also refer to a type of standalone office machine , popular in the 1970s amd 1980s , combining the keyboard text-entry and printing functions of an electric typewriter with a dedicated processor as the computer processor for the editing of text . Although features and design varied between manufacturers and models , with new features added as technology  advanced , word processors for several years usually featured a monochrome display and the ability to save documents on memory cards or diskettes .

♥Spreadsheet♥

Spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper , accounting worksheet . It displays multiple cells usually in a two-dimensional matrix or grid consisting of rows and columns . Each cell contains alphanumeric text , nimeric values or formulas . A formula defines how the content of that cell is updated . Spreadsheets are frequently used for financial information because of their ability to re-calculate the entire sheet automatically after a change to a single cell is made . A pseudo third dimension to the matrix is sometimes applied as another layer or layers as well as sheets of two-dimensional data .

♥DBMS♥

Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation , maintenance and the use of a database . It allows organization to place control of database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists . A DBMS is a system software package taht helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases . It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database .DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models , such as the network model or relational model . In a larger systems , DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way .

♥Utility Suites♥

Utility Suites were more appealing when Windows included fewer safety and maintenance features than it does now , but all three currently available suites are worth considering if you want an all-in-one toolkit handy for maintenance and cleanup . All include antivirus as well , but they are not full-blown Internet security suites . As the market for utility suites has waned , vendors have been sluggish in updating them . None supports the firefox browser . For instance , although all include Internet cleanup features .

♥Web Authoring♥

HTML editor is a software application for creating web pages . Although the HTML markup of a web page can be written with any text editor , specialized HTML editors can offer convenience and added functionality . For instance , many HTML editors work not only with HTML , but also with related technologies such as CSS , XML and JavaScript or ECMAScript . In some cases they also manage communication with remote web servers via FTP and WebDAV and version management systems such as CVS or Subversion .

♥Audio Editing Software♥

A category of software that enables the user to develop a Wed site in a desktop publishing format . The software will generate the required HTML coding for the layout of the Web Pages based on what the user designs . Typically , the user can toggle back and forth between the graphical design and the HTML code and make changes to the Wed pages in either the design of the accompanying code .

♥Bitmap Image♥

In computer graphics , a bitmap or pixmap is a type of memory organization or image file format used to store digital images . The term bitmap comes from the computer programming terminology , meaning just a map of bits , a spatially mapped array of bits . Now , along with pixmap , it commonly refers to the similar concept of a spatially mapped array of pixels . Raster images in general may be referred to as bitmaps or pixmaps , whether synthetic or photographic in files or memory .

 

♥Desktop Publishing Program♥

 Desktop Publishing also known as DTP combines a personal computer and WYSIWYG page layout software to create publication documents on a computer for either large scale publishing or small scale local multifunction peripheral output and distribution .

 

♥HTML Editor♥

HTML editor is a software application for creating web pages . Although the HTML markup of a wed page can be written with any text editor , specialized HTML editors can offer convenience and added functionality . For instance , many HTML editors work not with HTML  but also with related technologies such as CSS , XML as well as JavaScript or ECMAScript . In some cases , they also manage communication with remote web servers via FTP and WebDAV , and version management systems such as Cvs or Subversion .

♥Image Editor♥

Image editing encompasses the processes of altering images , whether they be digital photographs , traditional analog photographs , or illustrations . Traditional analog image editing is known as photo retouching , using tools such as airbrush to modify photographs , or editing illustrations with any traditional art medium . Graphic software programs , which can be broadly grouped into vector manipulated enhance , and transform images . Many image editing programs are also used to render or create computer art from scratch . 

♥Multimedia♥

Multimedia is a media and content that uses a combination of different content forms . The term can be used as a noun or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms . The term is used in contrast to media which only use traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material . Multimedia includes a combination of text , audio , still images , animation , video and interactivity content forms .

The Internet , The Web and Electronic Commerce

♥File Transfer Protocol(FTP)♥

File Transfer Protocol(FTP) is a standard network protocol used to copy a file from one host to another over a TCP-based network  , such as the Internet . FTP is built on a client server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections between client and server . FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in protocol but can connect anonymously if server is configured to allow it .

                                                FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL(FTP)

♥Plug-In♥

In computing , plug-in and known as plugin is a set of software components that adds specific abilities to a larger software application . If supported plug-in enable customizing the functionality of an application . For instance , plug-in are commonly used in wed browsers to play video , scan for viruses , and display new file types . Well-known plug-in example include Adobe Flash Player and Quick Time .

♥Filters♥

Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions , specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal to enhance ones , or both .

♥Internet Security Suite♥

 Digital threats are constantly growing , with new security dangers emerging every hour . An beyond just an increase in the number of threats , malware is becoming more elusive , erratic expensive . New online security threats are developed specifically to trick you in new ways and they are even designed to bypass tradisional antivirus software . Luckily , there are Internet security suites that combat these digital dangers . The best internet security software applications provide protection that is practucal , professional and priceless .

                                                      INTERNET SECURITY SUITES

    

♥Uniform Resource Locator♥

In computing , a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a Uniform Resource Ldentifier (URL) that specifies where an identified resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it . In popular usage and in many technical documents  and verbal discussions it is often incorrectly used as a synonym for URL .

                                                    Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

♥HyperText Markup Language♥

HTML , which stands for HyperText Markup Language , is the predominant markup language for web pages . HTML is the basic building-blocks of webpages .  HTML elements from the building blocks of all websites.

                                               HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

♥Javascript♥

Javascript , also known as ECMASScript , is a prototype-based , object-oriented , scripting language that is dynamic , weakly typed and has first-class functions . It is also considered a functional programming language like Scheme and OCaml because it has closures and supports higher-order functions .

                                                                      Javascript

♥Apple TV♥

Apple TV is a digital media receiver made and sold by Apple Inc . It is a small form factor network appliance designed to play IPTV digital content originating from the iTunes Store , Netflix , Youtube , Flickr , MobileMe or any Mac OS X or Window computer running iTunes onto an enhance-definition or high-definition widescreen television . 

                                                                        Apple TV

♥Blogs♥

Blog is a type of website or part of a website . Blogs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary , descriptions of events , or other material such as graphics or video . Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order . Blog can also be used as a verd , meaning to maintain or add content to a blog . 

                                                                       i ♥ blogging

♥Wiki♥

Wiki is a website that allows the creation and editing of any number of interlinked web pages via a web browser using a simplified markup language or a WYSIWYG text editor . Wikis are typically powered by wiki software and are often used to create collaborative works . Examples include community websites , corporate intranets , knowledge management systems , and notes services . The software can also be used for personal note taking .

                                                                     Working In A Wiki Way